Apis Mellifera (Fengjiao)

Propolis is made from resinous sap collected from trees by the bees and then mixing it with wax back at their hives. The bees use it as glue sealant for hive construction and as preservatives on dead insects or on other dead small animals killed in their hives and also as disinfectant to inhibit fungi and bacteria. The extracts of propolis contain: sinapic acid, isoferulic acid, and, caffeic acid,  inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.

Ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP),  was incubated with 8 different common antibiotics in culture medium containing a fixed amount of a standard strain of Staphylococcus aureus. The antibiotic compounds used were: penicillin G, doxycycline, streptomycin, cloxacillin, chloramphenicol, cefradine, ampicillin and polymyxin B. They were used in varying levels, ranging between 0.000005-125.0 micrograms/ml or units, resp. Firstly, their minimal inhibitory concentrations were established in the absence of EEP. Then EEP was added in concentrations up to 600 micrograms/ml. EEP had a marked synergistic effect on the antibacterial activity of streptomycin and cloxacillin, and a moderate synergistic effect on the others, except ampicillin. 

Propolis inhibits the activity of several streptococcal bacteria species that cause dental caries. Researchers reported that propolis fed laboratory rats had far fewer caries than those given a regular diet. Propolis can control Diabets and modulate the metabolism of glucose and blood lipid, leading to decreased outputs of lipid peroxidation and scavenge the free radicals in rats with Diabetes mellitus. Propolis also inhibits Virus Hepatitis. Propolis protects specifically against Streptococcus mutans and several other strep species that are closely related to the germ that causes strep throat. Streptococcus mutans are species that cause dental caries.

Chemical ingredients: 
flavonoids 
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
waxes 7.5% ~ 35% 
10% volatile oils 
5% pollen 
 3 ~ 10% fatty acids 
4  ~19% other compounds
aromatic acids   
terpenoids 
aldehydes 
alcohols 
aliphatic acids 
esters 
amino acids 
steroids 
sugars 
Magnesium, Zinc, Iron, Calcium and Copper
Vitamin B1, B2, B6, C, E