Insufficiency of blood causes blood deficiency syndrome with the manifestations of pale complexion, dizziness, palpitation, insomnia, light-colored lips and nails, scanty and light-colored menses, etc. Blood deficiency causes malnutrition of the viscera with the manifestations of heart-blood deficiency syndrome and liver-blood deficiency syndrome.

      

2. Disturbance of Blood 

The manifestations of blood disturbance are blood stasis and hemorrhage. The former refers to unsmooth flow of blood and blockage of meridians and vessels, leading to various pathological changes, such as pain, swelling, distension and abdominal mass. The latter is caused by flow of blood outside the vessels due to impairment of the vessels, or by failure of the spleen to command blood, or by failure of the liver to store blood, leading to various kinds of hemorrhage, such as hematemesis, hemoptysis, epistaxis, hematochezia and hematuria.