The causes of dysplasia are complex and are not fully understood. Mutations in a developing fetus' DNA are behind many types of developmental dysplasia such as skeletal and ectodermal dysplasia. What causes the mutations is unclear, however.
Image of a fetus in a womb.
DNA mutations in a growing fetus can lead to some forms of dysplasia.
For dysplasia in adults, there may also be a connection with diet, but no definitive results have come forward yet. Additional considerations are listed below.
Hip dysplasia
According to the International Hip Dysplasia Institute, hip dysplasia is up to 12 times more likely when there is a family history of it. While genes do appear to play a role in dysplasia, they can't be seen as a direct cause.
Hip dysplasia has been linked to family history, females, and improper swaddling. If a baby is breech, born prematurely, or exposed to large amounts of radiation, they are also more likely to develop hip dysplasia.
Cervical dysplasia
As cervical dysplasia can lead to cervical cancer, much research has been done into the causes of this type of dysplasia. One common link seems to be the presence of the human papillomavirus (HPV).
The immune system also plays a role in cervical dysplasia. People with weakened immune systems may be more at risk of cervical dysplasia. Also, chemicals from cigarette smoke are found in high concentrations in cervical fluids, increasing the risk of these cells becoming abnormal.
MDS
Known causes for MDS include radiation and chemotherapy. Patients who receive radiation or undergo chemotherapy are at risk for developing MDS for up to 10 years after treatment.