Graves' disease is most often treated with the anti-thyroid drug methimazole (Tapazole, generic versions). Methimazole blocks the formation of thyroid hormones. Another anti-thyroid drug called propylthiouracil is also available. However, it should only be used in patients who cannot tolerate methimazole and in women just before and during their first trimester of pregnancy. Once thyroid hormone levels have reached normal, you and your doctor can decide whether to continue daily anti-thyroid medication or to choose radioactive iodine treatment.

Radioactive iodine is given by mouth. Most specialists recommend a large enough dose to completely stop the thyroid from producing thyroid hormone. You would then have to take thyroid medication daily for the rest of your life. Because people who receive radioactive iodine therapy temporarily store a small amount of radiation in their thyroid, they need to avoid prolonged contact with pregnant women and children for several days following treatment. Radioactive iodine is concentrated in breast milk and women must stop breast feeding if they choose this therapy.

Surgery for Graves' disease is rarely done today. However, people with very large goiters are less likely to respond well to anti-thyroid medication or radioactive iodine, and may have a better outcome if most of the thyroid gland is removed surgically (called subtotal thyroidectomy).