Syndrome differentiation and treatment
The commonly-seen syndromes of nasal hemorrhage include excessive heat of lung meridian, excessive fire of the stomach, liver fire stirring the upper, yin deficiency of the liver and kidney, failure of qi to keep blood circulating within blood vessels, etc. The first three types belong to acute onset, and treatment should be purging the lung heat, stomach fire and liver fire respectively; the last two
types mostly pertain to chronic bleeding, and nourishing yin and clearing away heat should be used for yin deficiency of the liver and kidney, while invigorating qi should be adopted for failure of qi to keep blood circulating within blood vessels.

1. Syndrome of excessive heat of lung meridian
Main symptoms and signs: Dribbling nasal bleeding with bright red colour and scanty quantity, dry nasal cavity with burning sensation, accompanying symptoms of cough, scanty sputum, dry mouth and fever of the body, red lingual margin and tip with whitish, thin and dry fur, rapid or floating and rapid pulse.
Therapeutic methods: Dispelling wind and clearing away heat, cooling blood to check bleeding.

2. Syndrome of excessive fire of the stomach
Main symptoms and signs: Profuse nasal hemorrhage with bright red or deep red colour, dryness inside the nose, dry mouth, ozostomia, dysphoria and thirst with inclination to drink, constipation, dark scanty urine, reddish tongue with yellowish, thick and dry fur, fulllarge and rapid pulse.
Therapeutic methods: Purging the stomach fire,cooling blood to check bleeding.

3. Syndrome of liver fire stirring the upper
Main symptoms and signs: Profuse nasal hemorrhage with deep red colour, headache, dizziness, bitter taste in the mouth, dry throat, thoracic and hypochondriac fullness, flush, conjunctival congestion, restlessness, irascibility, reddish tongue with yellowish fur, taut and rapid pulse.
Therapeutic methods: Clearing away heat from the liver and purging fire, cooling blood to stop bleeding.

4. Syndrome of yin deficiency of the liver and kidney
Main symptoms and signs: Nasal bleeding with red colour and scanty quantity which occurs and stops occasionally, dry mouth with scanty saliva, light-headedness, tinnitus, palpitation, insomnia, dysphoria with feverish sensation of the chest, palms and soles, tender and reddish tongue or crimson tongue with scanty saliva, scanty fur, thready and rapid pulse.
Therapeutic methods: Nourishing the liver and kidney, descending fire to check bleeding.

5. Syndrome of qi deficiency of the spleen
Main symptoms and signs: Oozing rhinorrhage with reddish colour and profuse or scanty'quantity, lustreless complexion, poor appetite, listlessness with disinclination to speak, pale tongue with whitish thin fur, thready and weak pulse.
Therapeutic methods: Strengthening the kidney and invigorating qi, keeping blood circulating within blood vessels to stop bleeding.