1. Liver Qi Stagnation
Chief Manifestations: Distending pain in the right hypochondrium, chest oppression, frequent sighing, impaired appetite, occasional diarrhea, mass in the right lower hypohondrium, thin and greasy tongue coating, and wiry pulse.

2. Qi Stagnation and Blood Stasis
Chief Manifestations: Huge mass in the hypochondrium, hypochondric pain radiating to the back, which is aggravated at night, tenderness, abdominal distension and fullness, impaired appetite, loose stools sometimes and dry stools at other times, lassitude, dark purple tongue with petechia and ecchymosis, deep and thready or wiry and unsmooth pulse.

3 Damp-heat Accumulation
Chief Manifestations: Restlessness, irritability, yellowish skin and sclera, dryness and bitterness in the mouth, abdominal distension and fullness, impaired appetite, stabbing pain in the hypochondrium, deep yellow urine, dry stools, dark purple tongue with yellow coating, wiry and smooth or smooth and rapid pulse.

4. Liver-yin Deficiency
Chief Manifestations: Hypochondriac pain, dysphoria with feverish sensation in the chest, palms and soles, vertigo, impaired appetite, distended abdomen with varicose veins, or hematemesis, hemafecia and subcutaneous hemorrhage in severe cases, red tongue with little coating, and thready and rapid pulse.