China is one of the oldest and the most creative nations in the world. As early as 700 thousand years ago, "Beijing Man" had crudely made stone implements and bony implements, and had learned to use fire. Two hundred thousand years ago, during the period of "Hetao Man", the stone implements had been greatly improved, and artificial fire had been developed. In making fire for keeping warm or roasting meats, people found that some pain could be relieved by heat. Some externally used drugs with hemostatic, analgesic, antioncotic, pus-draining, tissue-regenerating and wound-healing actions had been gradually found through external application of powders prepared from animals, plants and minerals for dressing wound.

Primitive dancing was for celebrating good harvest or blessing, but it could smooth the tendon and strengthen the bone. In applying tools, people found that sharp-pointed tools might not only kill beasts, but also prick abscess for treatment. Thus in the fight with nature, people created primitive working tools, and also invented primeval operative instruments; hot medicated compress and moxibustion were developed from warm-keeping, and physical breathing exercises from dancing. Generally, primitive medical knowledge of orthopedics and traumatology and primeval therapeutic methods had been produced through a period of accumulation.

In the New Stone Age, ancient people could already make some finer tools such as stone knife, bone needle and stone sickle for surgical operation. And surgeon Yu Fu was famous at that time.