In urinary stasis the minerals dissolved in the urine begin to settle out when the urine is static (not moving), forming crystals. The formed crystals attract more of their composite minerals, eventually hardening into calculi. Small stones often easily pass through the urethra in the urine without the person’s awareness of them. Stones that are large enough to scrape the walls of the urethra, or sandlike clumps of calculi that surge through the urethra, may cause irritation such as dysuria (burning sensation) with urination. Other symptoms may include urinary frequency, urinary urgency, and urinary hesitation.

A stone that completely blocks the urethra, often at the neck of the bladder, causes excruciating pain that may feel as though it arises in the groin or, in men, in the tests (testicles). Often a change in position relieves the pain, causing the urine to wash the stone from its point of occlusion. A stone that is larger than the diameter of the urethra will intermittently though persistently obstruct the passage of urine. It may also cause bleeding, resulting in hematuria. In brief, the symptoms include as follows:

1. Pain in the lower abdomen
2. Burning or pain when urinating
3. Frequent urination or having trouble with urination
4. Dark colored urine or blood in the urine could be present
5. There may be urinary leakage
6. Chronic bladder pain